马尔萨斯(Thomas Robert Malthus)在《论人口原理,因为它影响社会的未来进步》(An Essay on the Principle of Population, as it Affects the Future Improvement of Society)一书中提出,呈代数级数增加的食物供给,赶不上以几何级数增长的人口,供需不平衡将无可避免地使部分人遭受被淘汰的悲惨命运。
早在1877年,德国植物生理学家弗兰克(Albert Bernhard Frank)使用曾经用于描写共同生活在一个社区的民众的词语“共生”(symbiosis),来描述地衣中真菌与藻类的互惠共生关系。1879年德国植物学家德巴利(Henrich Anton de Bary)概述了共生的三个标准:两个不同物种;它们生活在一起;它们紧密接触。¹⁴⁵
2017年《美国国家科学院院刊》(Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, PNAS)发表了一项研究,题目是“黑猩猩以牺牲自身个体的利益回报恩惠”(Chimpanzees return favors at a personal cost),用黑猩猩(Pan troglodytes)做了多次重复的实验,给我们带来很多启发。¹⁶¹
1997年,英国胚胎学家理查德森(Michael K. Richardson)等科学家在《解剖与胚胎学期刊》(Anatomy and embryology)上发表文章,提出海克尔造假的证据。他们发现不同物种的胚胎差异如此之大,各有其独特之处,不同物种的胚胎在发育过程中,并没有一个外形高度近似的时期¹⁶⁴。
英国广播公司(BBC)根据对当时在英国伦敦的自然历史博物馆(Natural History Museum, NHM)工作的克里斯‧斯金格(Chris Stringer)教授的采访,2012年12月17日发表了新闻,标题为“皮尔当人:骗子仍在被追捕”(Piltdown Man: A hoaxer still pursued)。
报导的一句话这样写的:“毫无疑问,这令人震惊。皮尔当人丑闻可以说是英国有史以来最大的科学欺诈案。”(It was a shocker, no doubt about it. The Piltdown Man scandal is arguably the greatest scientific fraud ever perpetrated in the UK.)¹⁶⁹
5.3“内布拉斯加人”原来是猪
1917年有人在美国内布拉斯加州苏城(Sioux County, Nebraska)西部土丘里发现了一颗牙齿。当时美国自然历史博物馆馆长、古生物学家亨利‧奥斯本教授(Prof. Dr. Henry Fairfield Osborn, 1857—1935)极力推崇这个发现。1922年他把这颗牙齿宣称为内布拉斯加人(Nebraska Man),作为人类进化的证据,被人们列为科学要闻。¹⁷¹
然而,这个“原始人”后被证实来自于一种已灭绝的猪。
美国外科医生、学者和植物学家乔治‧爱德华‧波斯特(George Edward Post, 1838—1909)1885年8月2日的一封信中,记录了他与大英博物馆(British Museum)的化石专家和地质学家罗伯特‧艾瑟瑞吉博士(Dr. Robert Etheridge, 1819—1903)的一段谈话:
“我很想听听一位一流的科学家──也许拥有世界上最大的总结归纳机会,会对达尔文进化论持何种看法。”“他转向我,用一种清晰、诚实的目光注视着我的眼睛,回答道:‘在这座伟大的博物馆里,没有一丝关于物种转变的证据。进化论者的言论十分之九纯粹是无稽之谈,没有观察基础,也完全没有事实支持。人们采用一种理论,然后费尽心力拼凑所谓事实来支持它。……不存在化石人(fossil man)这样的东西。如果你不跟随他们,人们就会把你视为傻瓜。但这个博物馆充满了证明他们观点完全错误的证据。’”( He turned to me with a clear, honest look into my eyes, and replied: “In all this great Museum there is not a particle of evidence of transmutation of species. Nine-tenths of the talk of Evolutionists is sheer nonsense, not founded on observation, and wholly unsupported by fact. Men adopt a theory and then strain their facts to support it. ……There is no such thing as a fossil man. Men are ready to regard you as a fool if you do not go with them in all their vagaries. But this Museum is full of proofs of the utter falsity of their views.”)¹⁷²
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